电子亲合能核言碎语（195）——化学元素的电子亲和能（2）-IC百科-上海羊羽卓进出口贸易有限公司

电子亲合能核言碎语（195）——化学元素的电子亲和能（2）

发布时间 : 2024-11-24

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核言碎语（195）——化学元素的电子亲和能（2）

143 化学元素的电子亲和能

Electron Affinity of Chemical Elements

（https://www.nuclear-power.com/）

化学元素的电子亲和能

Electron affinity can be either positive or negative value. The greater the negative value, the more stable the anion is. Although affinity varies greatly across the periodic table, some patterns emerge. Generally, the elements on the right side of the periodic table will have large negative electron affinity. The electron affinities will become less negative as you go from the top to the bottom of the periodic table. However, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine do not follow this trend. Moreover, nonmetals have more positive affinity than metals. Atoms whose anions are more stable than neutral atoms have a greater affinity. Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons, while neon most weakly attracts an extra electron.

电子亲和能可以是正的也可以是负的。负离子的值越大，说明负离子越稳定。尽管元素周期表的亲和能有很大的不同，但还是有一些规律。一般来说，元素周期表右边的元素具有较大的负电子亲和能。从元素周期表的顶部到底部，电子亲和能的负性会降低。然而，氮、氧和氟并没有遵循这一趋势。此外，非金属比金属具有更强的正亲和能。阴离子更稳定的原子比中性原子具有更大的亲和能。氯对额外电子的吸引力最强，而氖对额外电子的吸引力最弱。

Affinities of Non metals vs. Affinities of Metals

非金属的亲和能与金属的亲和能

Metals : Metals like to lose valence electrons to form cations to have a fully stable shell. The electron affinity of metals is lower than that of nonmetals. Mercury most weakly attracts an extra electron.金属：金属倾向于失去价电子形成阳离子，以形成完全稳定的壳层。金属的电子亲和能比非金属的低。汞吸引额外电子的能力最弱。Nonmetals : Generally, nonmetals have more positive electron affinity than metals. Nonmetals like to gain electrons to form anions to have a fully stable electron shell. Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons. The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been conclusively measured, so they may or may not have slightly negative values.非金属：一般来说，非金属比金属具有更多的正电子亲和能。非金属倾向于获得电子来形成阴离子，从而有一个完全稳定的电子壳层。氯最能吸引额外的电子。惰性气体的电子亲和能还未能被最终测量，所以它们可能有，也可能没有稍微负的值。

（待续）

核言碎语（194）——化学元素的电子亲和能（1）

143 化学元素的电子亲和能

Electron Affinity of Chemical Elements

（https://www.nuclear-power.com/）

化学元素的电子亲和能

In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as: the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.

在化学和原子物理中，原子或分子的电子亲和能被定义为: 当一个电子被加到原子上形成一个负离子时，一个中性原子或分子（气态）的能量变化（以kJ/mol为单位）。

X + e– → X– + energy Affinity = – ∆H

In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.

换句话说，它可以表示为中性原子获得一个电子的可能性。请注意，电离能测量中性原子抵抗电子损失的趋势。电子亲和能比电离能更难测量。

For example, electron affinity of carbon is 153.9 kJ/mol. An atom of carbon in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of carbon.

例如，碳的电子亲和能为153.9 kJ/mol。例如，气相中的碳原子在获得一个电子以形成碳离子时释放出能量。

C + e– → C– – ∆H = Affinity = 153.9 kJ/mol

To use electron affinities properly, it is essential to keep track of sign. When an electron is added to a neutral atom, energy is released. This affinity is known as the first electron affinity and these energies are negative. By convention, the negative sign shows a release of energy. However, more energy is required to add an electron to a negative ion which overwhelms any the release of energy from the electron attachment process. This affinity is known as the second electron affinity and these energies are positive.

要正确地利用电子亲和能，必须跟踪其符号。当一个电子被加到中性原子中时，能量被释放出来。这种亲和能被称为第一电子亲和能，这些能量是负的。按照惯例，负号表示能量的释放。然而，在负离子中加入一个电子需要更多的能量，这压倒了电子附着过程中释放的能量。这个亲和能被称为第二电子亲和能，这些能量是正的。

（待续）

核言碎语（195）——化学元素的电子亲和能（2）

核言碎语（194）——化学元素的电子亲和能（1）

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